Ethics In Education Essay Example for Free

Ethics In training EssayAbstr tourEducation has ever been considered as one of the strongest foundations for any civilized society. The success of any Nation is largely attributed the style in which education system is built up. in that respect is growing importance the world over these days to incorporate importance of honest standards in education. Ethical standards in education contain basic normals, procedures and de entailour patterns found on collapsement to core values that atomic number 18 deeply rooted in education. An ethical education will pave a way to uplift educational standards which in turn will instill right values among students who will certainly create landmark in their c atomic number 18er as well as life. ethics IN EDUCATIONThe Concept Of EthicsThe definition of ethics is shaped by someoneal, societal and professional values, all(a) of which are difficult to specify. Some stress the importance of societys interests and others stress the interests of the individual. These conflicting viewpoints have dominated the discussion of ethics for a long sentence and may remain in the future as well. Thus, the term ethics will have to be defined in this context.The word ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos (char guesser) and Latin word moras (customs). Taken together these two words define how individuals choose to interact with one another. Thus, ethics is around choices. It signifies how people act in order to make the right choice and produce good bearing. It encompasses the examination of principles, values and norms, the consideration of available choices to make the right decision and the effectivity of character to act in accordance with the decision. Hence, ethics, as a practical discipline, demands the acquisition of object lesson knowledge and the skills to properly apply such knowledge to the enigmas of unremarkable life.Philosophical Theories of EthicsDecision making based on intuition or personal feeling doe s not always lead to the right complaisant class of exploit. Therefore, ethical decision making requires a criterion to ensure good judgment. The philosophical theories of ethics provide different and distinct criteria for good, right or moral judgment.Three prominent philosophical theories of ethics are utilitarianism, rights and justice. They are normative theories of ethics, which provide a principle or standard on how a person ought to behave towards others by considering the right and wrong of an action. These normative theories are divided into two broad classifications, consequential and non-consequential. Consequential theories define good in cost of its consequences, and a scoop up known example is theory of utilitarianism. In contrast, non-consequential theories define good not by its consequences but by its native value and the best known examples are the rights and justice theories. These theories are described below.(a) The theory of utilitarianismAccording to thi s theory, the ethical preference is the one that maximises good consequences over bad consequences. Jeremy Bentham, who is considered as the come of utilitarian ethics, defines utilitarianism as the greatest happiness principle (the principle of utility), which measures good and bad consequences in terms of happiness and pain. He wrote as follows in his discussion An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and LegislationNature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think.The terms happiness and pain have broad meaning and encompass all aspects of humanity welfare, including pleasure and sadness, wellness and sickness, satisfaction and disappointment, positive and negative emoti ons, achievement and failure and knowledge and ignorance. Applying the utilitarian principle is a adjective process involving five steps(1) Define the problem(2) Identify the stakeholders affected by the problem(3) List the alternative courses of action for resolving the problem (4) Identify and calculate the short- and long- term costs and benefits (pain and happiness) for each alternative course of action and (5) Select the course of action that yields greatest sum of benefits over costs for the greatest number of people. Thus, ethical conduct by accountants based on this theory leads to consideration of all possible consequences of a decision for all parties affected by it.This theory takes a pragmatic and common awareness approach to ethics. Actions are right to the extent that they benefit people (i.e. actions, which produce more benefit than harm are right and those that do not are wrong). Thus, the cognitive process required for utilitarian decision making appears similar to the cost-benefit analysis that is normally applied in business decisions. However, there are substantial distinctions between the two concepts in relation to the nature of consequences, the measurability of the consequences and stakeholder analysis.(b) The theory of rightsThe theory of rights stems from the belief that people have an inherent worth as human beings that must be respected. Therefore, according to this theory, a good decision is one that respects the rights of others. Conversely, a decision is wrong to the extent that it violates another persons rights. In general, the rights can be divided into two categories (1) natural rights (rights that exist independently of any legal structure) and (2) Legal rights and contractual rights (rights that are created by social agreement). The natural rights are commonly known as human rights or constitutional rights.Among many natural rights, the right to the truth is important to the function of accounting. The users of financial statements have the right to truthful and accurate financial information when making choices on alternative investment strategies. This right imposes a moral obligation on the accountant and the reporting entity to prepare and issue, true and fair financial statements. On the other hand, legal and contractual rights are important in the accountant-employer and the accountant-client relationships. These contractual relationships mean that employers and clients have a legal right to expect professional and competent service from the accountants. In turn, the accountants have a corresponding legal duty to get along their tasks to the best of their ability within the constraints of their expertise.(c) The theory of justiceUnderstanding this theory requires understanding various notions of justice. Generally, justice is described as fairness, which refers to the correlation between division and reward. However, fairness alone cannot define the term justice. There are also other forms of justice, which include equality (assumes that all people have equal worth), procedural justice (concerns with due process) and compensatory justice (addressed the loss from a wrongful act). However, a comprehensive theory incorporating these various domains of justice has yet to be developed. Thus, the focus of this piece of music is on the theory of justice, which is based on the principle of distributive justice. It focuses on how fairly ones decisions distribute benefits and burdens among members of the group. Unjust distribution of benefits and burdens is an unjust act and an unjust act is a morally wrong act. Hence, under this theory, an ethical decision is one that produces the fairest overall distribution of benefits and burdens.Ethics In Education essentially there are three parties involved in ethical education system namely students, teachers and administrators. Teacher, being the most important facet of ethical education, is the fire bearer to the change the whole s cenario of education system. He is the one who could exemplify his ethical behavior in front of students. Students most of the time learn their behavior from their teachers. Right approach of teacher to teach the students inside the class room will make ever lasting impact on the minds of students. It goes without saying that the principle of ethical conduct lie at the core of teaching profession. The whole society can be remolded by administering ethical practices. Secondly, the responsibility for promoting ethics in higher education lies with the leadership of colleges and universities. Like most efforts at organizational change, the energy, financing, and inspiration must start at the top and must anticipate and carry a long term commitment to ethical goals.Bottom-up schemes for change are seldom successful since they lack the organizational influence to create a sustained, well supported plan of action. Ethics issues permeate every aspect of university life from admissions to t he classroom, from hiring to curriculum development and from research to the athletic field. To alter the ethics glossiness in an institution of higher education (or any organization) requires the highest level of commitment and realistic consequences for deviations. (a) Verbal and written commitment of the university president/chancellor, board of trustees, alumni association, faculty and stave to the implementation of an ethics plan of action (b) Verbal and written commitment of departments heads overseeing student recruiting and admissions policy to an ethics plan of action for their areas of concern.Some possible action items might include advertising that the student body is governed by a honor code, the violation of which could lead to disenrollment. The hallmark of the admissions policy would focus on the ethical selection of students to include cultural difference, gender and racial equalities, socio-economic factors, as well as, academic excellence. (c) Faculty hiring guid elines that would include a thorough vetting of the applicants qualifications and background as well as a written commitment by the applicant to fully support the ethics initiative (d) Faculty members to commit to and undertake curriculum revisions that would include the ethical aspects of their particular discipline(e) Students to commit to a dormitory, fraternity/sorority, off-campus life-style code ethics (f) Faculty members to commit to ethical guidelines for the research into the publication of scholarly materials (g) Faculty members to commit to a faculty-faculty, faculty-student ethical relationships guideline. Lastly, students are also expected to contribute maximally by behaving honestly to their work, duties and responsibilities. They should neer restore to any malpractices during examination or any class work.ConclusionThe writer has reviewed just a fraction of the literature available on the government issue of ethics in the workplace. The literature for the most part, supports the notion that the ethical behavior is good, that ethical behavior is needed in the workplace, and that progress is possible in meridian men and women above their more prurient interests. Based on the writers experience and discussions with university leaders, however, the notion of total commitment by all stakeholders as outlined in the sample plan is probably unlikely. Cries of academic freedom, unreasonable restraints and loss of flexibility would be echoed from the bell towers of academia in spite of the intrinsic good intentions of the plan. All this does not augur well for the fast track implementation of ethics at the university level or in the workplace. Instead, progress in changing individuals towards a more ethical vision of their personal and professional life will be a plodding effort, characterized by small-scale successes and small failures for a long time into the future.ReferencesAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants (2010). The Code of Pro fessional Conduct. Retrievedfromhttp//www.aicpa.org/research/standards/codeofconduct/downloadabledocuments/2010june1codeofprofessionalconduct.pdf Audi, R. (2007). Can utilitarianism be distributive? Maximization and distribution as criteria in managerial decisions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(4), 593-611. Baiman, S. Lewis, B. (1989). An experiment testing the behavioral equivalence ofstrategically equivalent employment contracts. Journal of Accounting Research, (27)1, 1-20. Bazerman, M.H. Banaji, M.R. (2004). The social psychological science of ordinary ethical failures. Social Justice Research, 17, 111-15. Bentham, J. (1843). The works of Jeremy Bentham. Edinburgh, Scotland John Bowring. Bird, F.B. Walters, J.A. (1989). Moral muteness. Californian Management Review, 73-88. Brenkert, G.G. (2010). The limits and prospects of business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(4), 703-9. Burton, B.K. Goldsby, M.G. (2009). The moral floor A philosophical examination of the connection between ethics and business. Journal of Business Ethics, 91, 145-54. Caldwell, C. Clapham, S. (2003). Organizational trustworthiness An internationalperspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 47(4), 349-64. Caldwell, C., Hayes, L.A., Long, D.T. (2010). Leadership, trustworthiness, and ethical stewardship. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(4), 497-512. ETHICS IN ACCOUNTING 30 Caldwell, C. Karri, R. (2005). Organizational governance and ethical systems A covenantal approach to building trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 58(1), 249-59. Calhoun, C. (1995). Standing for something. The Journal of Philosophy, 92(5), 235-60. Carlopio, J. (2002). The best articles about leadership from the last ten years. BOSS Financial Review, 71-4.

Obesity - Nutrition Essay Example for Free

Obesity Nutrition EssayFast nourishment is something that every American knows ab break. Most likely you, the person reading this has had lush food before, and probably enjoyed it. Whether it may be Mcdonalds, Burger King, Taco Bell, Jack in the Box, KFC, etc. There is cipher as cheap, contiguous to scram, and tasty as fast food. With the ever-growing population of obese Americans, people argon looking for a reason and for most that reason is fast food. Now according to the CDC (centers for disease control) the definition of everyplaceweight is having a BMI (body mass index) of 25-29. 9 and the BMI for an obese person is 30 or higher.Could it be that fast food is causing 78 million Americans 20 years or older to be obese, or that 17% of all children and teens in the US be over weight because of it? I think not. Sure, fast food may not be the healthiest prime(prenominal) for you, but seriously, no virtuoso is forcing you to wipe out that cheeseburger and no one is forci ng you to drink that soda. You visualize fast food is not the chore, the decision make of the obese American population is. Now well(p) so were finish up I have nothing against obese people and there is a whacking difference between a little chunky, which is okay and obese.Now just so your aware of the obesity problem here in America, heres some cold hard facts about obesity. Here in the US more than 35% of adults are considered obese, thats more than 78 million people across the country that are obese. Seventeen percent of children and young adults are obese, which is triple the rate of a generation ago. Studies have shown that obesity gives you a greater chance of getting type2 diabetes and even cancer. If you are wondering why there are so m some(prenominal) obese people in America today just ask your self a few simple questions.Would you earlier go for a nice evening jog or stay home and watch your favorite TV show? Would you rather eat a salad or something not as health y like a burger or pizza? And finally would you rather go to the gym or hang out with friends? If I had to guess Id say most of you would rather hang out with friends, eat junk food, and watch your favorite TV show. You see most people have the time to work out and eat right they just choose not to and just like every choice made in life it comes with its benefits and consequences.You dont have to pay for a gym member ship just walk up some step or play catch with your kids or take a walk at the park, anything is obviously better than nothing. Now researchers will postulate against my claims, and thats understandable. Theyll mention that 33 percent of children and adolescents in the U. S. consume fast food on a typical day theyll also state that on fair(a) adolescents will visit a fast food restaurant twice a week. Well all I have to say to that is whose dent is that? How are these kids buying the fast food? With their parents silver of course.Why cant the parents make them som ething healthy and control what there kids eat instead of giving them money to eat fast food? Its the parents fault that the kids are eating fast food so often. Fast food isnt going to make you obese unless you eat it most of the time. If you eat it occasionally but you also eat your fruits and vegetables youll be fine. It is half-baked to know that in the U. S. 49% of money spent on food is spent away from home. Which means people are choosing to buy food from restaurants and former(a) places rather than go to the grocery store and cook at home.That luck is always increasing due to the fact that people now a days are looking for more convenient ways of getting there food. If your wondering just how much money is being spent on quick service restaurants, in 2011 quick service restaurants were expected to gain 168 billion dollars, 3% more than 2010. If people would just spend half the amount of money that they usually spend on fast food and cook a nice healthy meal instead there w ould be no problem with fast food. Once again the decisions of the American people are to blame.Hit the gym and help yourself get slim. Studies have shown that physical activity plays a big role in loosing weight but of course you k young that, its common sense. But what many people dont know is that according to the CDC (center for disease control) fewer than 2 out of 10 Americans and less than 30 percent of adults get the recommended level of exercise. Also that more than 25% of U. S. adults do not devote any time to physical activity, the worst states being Louisiana, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.It is very intriguing that correlations have shown that those states with the least amount of exercise have the most health problems. Type2 diabetes is mostly triggered by obesity, and in 1980 5. 5 million adults had it now approximately 25. 6 million adults have type2 diabetes. The ever so increasing percentage of obesity and decreasing percentage in physical activity is definitely to blame. An interesting fact is that by loosing weight and getting from overweight to normal you can save on average $1400 a year on medication.If you dont have time to hit the gym, there are a few tips that can help you get fit. First dont drink soda on average if you drink a soda can a day youll gain 15 pounds in a year, that is if you dont work out of course. Take the stairs or walk around the block, a few extra move could be the difference in burning some extra calories, and finally anything is better than nothing, curl some soup cans or do some crunches trance watching TV. Any of those things can help you with your obesity, then you wont have to blame it on fast food.Fast food companies are now making a bigger push to serve healthier items in their stores, but it is up to the customers to get them otherwise it is all for nothing. McDonalds is taking the biggest step with there new items like the all fruit smoothies, apple slices, salads, and there broc hures that show you there below 400,300,200, and 100 calorie items. Jack in the box is jumping on board as well with their 3 choices of salads, and serving grilled chicken instead of fried in there sandwiches.These fast food chains are realizing that healthy is the new way to go but yet the majority of people in America arent. We need to watch what we eat, eat healthier brownish rice or bread instead of white, more fruits and veggies and less burgers, next time you go to mcdonalds get a salad instead of a Big mackintosh it might change your life. In conclusion the fast food industry is not to blame for Obesity in the United States of America.Theyre taking steps in the right direction and the people of America should too. We need to start exercising more and getting active because that is the true reason for the increasing obesity. prevail better decisions in your life style, choose a healthy one and like I said get a salad next time you go to McDonalds. http//www. getamericafit. o rg/statistics-obesity-in-america. html http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/08/14/obesity-rate-by-state_n_1774356. html.

Movement, Environment and Community Memory Reflection

Movement, Environment and Community Memory ReflectionIn this paper, I will be sharing two different memories which are significant to me where I remembered accomplishment most movement, environment and community in an integrated way. Then, I will be analysing these two memories which stimulate and making connections in the areas of movement environment and community.The two memories which are significant to me where I remembered learning nigh movement, environment and communicate has to travel back when I was about six years out of date and when I was twenty two years old. Both experiences occurred outside of school.The introductory experience took place at the carryground, which is located on the ground floor of my block. My siblings, my pal and my sister and our childhood neighbour will always get together on weekdays for play sentence after school. Our most favourite game of all succession will be playing hid and send offk followed by catch. We were always on the move, r unning to hide at the places which we shall non be visualisen. Speed was really life-and-death for us as we would run away from the catcher and at the same sentence we had bend our body low so that the catcher will non see us. Sometimes, we had to run very quietly to make sure that no one would spot us. Once we found a safe place, usually we would be hiding behind bushes, we would stay still until the catcher came nearer, we would begin running until we were caught.The environment was part of the experience as it provided the space for us to move about and hide. As we ran across rows of shops along the corridor, the community forms part of the experience in the game of hide and seek and catch. The neighbours were friendly and accommodating to let us play and running along the corridor and playground. This forms the big issue every time we wanted to play hide and seek as we were concerned how we shall non disturb our neighbours and shops time we enjoyed our game.The second exp erience which was significant to me happened when I was in solarize moon lake, Taiwan. My friend and I took decided to rent icebreaker to ride just about sun moon lake. The movement we had in this experience was the going on a scooter ride. It was specially challenging for us as it was my very first time riding on a scooter. While practising riding on the scooter, I had difficulty balancing the vehicle. Moreover, the direction was different from Singapore thus it took us sort of some time to familiarise with the direction. When we were more familiar with the scooter, we began our adventure. At the beginning, we rode extremely slowly as the direction of the road is different in Singapore, and gradually picked up the speed along the journey. The ride added to its difficulty level when it only allows a single lane on each road direction and there were betray tourists buses and cars on the opposite direction.During the journey, we stopped by at each attraction, which forms part of the environment. The lake was breath taking and it was the reason why we wanted to ride around the lake. We dog-tired some time with the lake and its scenery. On our way back to the rental shop, we had to recharge our scooter. The people, which were part of the community, were helpful in replacing a scooter for us. They also provided the directions when we were not sure about the way to return to the shop.The big issue in this experience was to be able to ride on a scooter so that we were able to visit the lake. Without the help of the residents staying at sun moon lake, we would not be able to appreciate the beauty of the spirit.In my first memory, I spirit that my family have influenced me greatly. We spent most of the time together, thus we would play together. The community also influenced me and it provided us the space for our activity. In Singapore, due to the safety, some parents may not allow their children to play out of their sight. Families have expressed concern of s afety even though they have preferred these places for play (Derr Lance, 2012). However, I am thankful that my parents allowed us to play at the playground with my siblings and neighbours while they are in the house. As we build on relationship with the neighbours in our neighbourhood, we looked out for each early(a) and we get to enjoy this experience.My peers had encouraged and influenced me in my second memory. They had given me the moral support that I requirement and I picked up my courage to ride on the scooter. The people were also very friendly and patient to give me the time to practice on the scooter. Even though I had encouragement and support from my peers, I would not have accomplished if I were given the knowledge on how the scooter functioned. As an educator, we should focus more on the knowledge rich experiences so that environmental education can be translated into meaningful learning experiences than relying on the concept of teaching which relies on nurturance and empathy with young children (Fleer, 2007).The two chosen memories were both experiential and placed-based learning. The first memory would contain more of experiential learning as we are constantly looking for a new location every time we hide and we learn a new hiding place by doing it. We would often hide behind the bushes and pretended that the bushes are the wall that nobody would see us. Children use these places as remarkably responsive with a fantastical mixing of the material and the imaginary (Derr Lance, 2012, p. 118).On the other memory, sun moon lake is a place-based learning environment as my peers and I explored the place together through moving around the lake on a scooter together with the help of the people at sun moon lake. The nature was there for us as we appreciate it. This made me reflect on how I can understand better how children comprehend between nature and environment. Further seek on how notions of nature and environment are socially constructed would define the home context with the available resources including play sites and family interestingness such as gardening or visits to the gardens (Payne, 1998). The growth of an individual profile will encompass significant life experiences and this would be an important contribution into the research issues of how time and place impact the conceptions and values of nature (Payne, 1998). Relating it back to my experience at the sun moon lake, it did influence me on how I perceive nature and it develops me as a person.In my first memory, the gross motor skill was featured. It was prominent that as we have to run, and hide against the time was we did not want to be caught apart from that, we also did squatting and tip-toeing in our hide and seek activity. As for the second memory, my body and eye-hand coordination have to work concurrently as I rode on the scooter. Reflecting on my physical movement made me feel that I had the freedom to move around in the environment. As a teach er, I feel that I have to be conscious on how children have the ability to create space and social affordances. Initial findings suggest that all children have the ability of discovering affordances and forming their classroom environment (McLaren, Ruddick, Edwards, Zabjek, McKeever, 2012). When we are engaged in play, it improves motor and cognitive skill and as well as attention capacities (Derr Lance, 2012).Safety procedures were considered when I was engaged my scooter ride in at the sun moon lake. The rental shop owner briefed us through the safety precautions that we need to know in theatrical role of emergency. Helmet was provided during our ride so ensure our safety and we were given emergency contact numbers just in case our scooter broke down. As for my first memory, even though we had the freedom to run around the playground and along the shops, we were aware that we should not be tampering the environment and disturbing the people around us. We also had to be consider ate not to run into shops to hide as that would disrupt their business.As I looked back on my past experiences, I see that movement, environment and community are closely inter-related to each other and how each area complement and influenced each other. I feel that there is a need to advocate parents and children to be engaged in movement, environment and community through spending quality time and interactions together. They could be spending time at the picnic, or taking a walk in the park. As an educator, we play a vital role as a facilitator and support when children are engaged in the processes of discovery and exploration (Young Elliot, 2010) and we have to act on it display positive attitudes and learning towards movement, environment and community.ReferencesDerr, V., Lance, K. (2012). Biophilic Boulder Childrens Environments That Foster Connections to Nature. Children Youth and Environments, 22(2), 112-143.Fleer, M. (Ed.). (2007). Young children Thinking about the scienti fic world. Watson Early Childhood Australia.McLaren, C., Ruddick, S., Edwards, G., Zabjek, K., McKeever, P. (2012). Childrens Movement in an Integrated Kindergarten Classroom Design, Methods and Preliminary Findings. Children, Youth and Environments, 22(1), 145-177.Payne, P. (1998). Childrens conceptions of nature. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 14, 19-26.Young, S. Elliott, S. (2010). Just control connecting young children with the natural world. Croydon, Victoria Tertiary Press.Name Loo Si Hui

U.S. intervention in Iraq

U.S. intervention in IraqIntroductionThere are people that are opposed to the U.S. intervention in Iraq, as they regard that it leave not lead to stability and democracy. These people, find similarities to Americas Vietnam intervention. For them, America has once more than involved in a prolonged and undecided semipolitical and array struggle, from which it will extricate with human and economic loses. On the other had, there are people that are in favour of the Iraq state of war and they believe that there is no comparison to the Vietnam fight. They claim that it is the annihilation of Nazi Germany and its transformation to a democratic ally, that should be used as an analogy.1But, the comparison to the Vietnam fight and its consequences was unavoidable, as it still influences the universals attitude towards foreign military intervention and was an event that is still in memories of todays American leaders. The question is whether there are any lessons from the American disaster in the Vietnam contend that could be applied in Iraqs case. The differences between the two wars are real important First of all, Vietnam in 1960 was a inelegant with a long national history and a distinct national identity that was created after centuries of fighting against foreign domination. On the contrary, Iraq is a young assure with many ethnicities and religions, that make unity difficult. More every site, in Vietnam the enemy was skilled and experience with important external aid and international legitimacy. In Iraq the enemy had no warriorlike ability and was politically isolated. Besides that, in Vietnam at first the war had the form of an insurgency that changed into a conventional conflict, whereas in Iraq happened exactly the opposite.The nature of the insurgency in the two cases was different, too. In Vietnam there were peasants that were centrally directed by the communists, that had a clear politico-economic and social agenda. In Iraq, the guerr illas were members of small groups that their methods consisted partly of car bombings and undermine against U.S. crams and the war objectives werent very clear. Moreoer, the U.S. was more restricted in military action in Vietnam that in Iraq, by the Chinese and the Soviet threat and they only cared intimately protecting siemens Vietnam. Nowadays, the U.S. with its military primacy is aiming at a governing change in Iraq.In Vietnam, the U.S. reached the 500,000 men and left the country after 8 long time of bloodshed. In Iraq, the cost in human lives was oft smaller and 3 weeks were enough to succumb the military resistance.2The comparison is becoming valuable by a political perspective the lessons and the warnings that may come out of the Vietnam War for policymakers in Iraq War, especially on legitimacy and sustainability. The U.S. that failed to create and sustain a g everyplacenment and political order in southeastward Vietnam, is now trying to do the same in Iraq. The s tate of Vietnam was a Cold War creation of the U.S. and it depended totally for its viability on America. In the end, most of the South Vietnamese didnt lose the willingness to fight and even die for its maintenance.The sustainability failed mostly because the Americans abandoned South Vietnam, mainly because of the fall of usual jut on this war, as time was passing by with increasing American human and economic loses and no remarkable progress. State-building in Iraq is still in progress, so a critic on U.S. policy on this matter would be unfounded.This essay tries to recognize and analyze the comparisons between the American intervention in Vietnam and in Iraq. I believe that the differences are equally important with the similarities for providing political insights. This essay tries to evaluate similarities and differences on relative U.S. military power, war aims, nature, duration and scale of the war, U.S. chip ins lose rates, the enemy, military trading operations, role of allies, challenges of state-building, and challenges of sustaining political guard. It ends with conclusions and recommendations.Relative U.S. Military PowerFrom a military perspective, the international and regional balances were different during the Vietnam and Iraq wars. During the Cold War, the united States relied on allied military curb, so its military intervention that took place in Vietnam (1965) had restrains. On the other hand, unify States intervention in Iraq (2003) was characterized by freedom of action, as the United States was the only superpower and its military supremacy was globally uncontested.During the Cold War, China and the Soviet Union had under their influence many communist areas in Europe and Asia, including Vietnam, so the U.S. had to be careful regarding its military action in the region. Americans were trying not to provoke directly the Chinese and the Soviet intervention, so they were victimization their military power with restrictions.3 But even then, China and the Soviet Union were helping the Vietnamese Communists by providing them with weapons of technological advance. On Iraqs case, ibn Talal Hussein Husseins military potentiality had roughly disappeared by 1991 and in 2003 he couldnt find military deliver by external actors. For the Iraki soldiers, training was not a priority, that is why in 2003 the Americans didnt face great difficulties in crushing Iraqi military resistance, taking over Baghdad and overthroprofitsg Saddam Hussein.War AimsThe political objectives between the Iraq and Vietnam wars were different. In the mid-sixties the United States was trying to preserve the non-communist status quo in South Vietnam. In 2003, the United States expressed their intention to democratize Iraq in order to create a model for the rest of the countries in the Middle East. In South Vietnam, as long as the policies that were followed were in agreement with the U.S. interests in the Cold War, the absence of democracy w as not an issue.4In the Vietnam War, the U.S. wanted to preserve the government, by forcing North Vietnam to cease its military intervention in South Vietnam. For this purpose, a massive and well-organized military swither was necessary against a determined and skilled enemy. In contrast, in Iraq the U.S. wanted to change the regime and for doing so, less effort and time was needed, although the collapse of Saddam Husseins regime, gave the probability to anti-occupation groups to mount insurgent attacks on U.S. forces and reconstruction targets.Another difference was that one of the basic objectives in Iraq was the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, while in Vietnam there was not much(prenominal) an issue but a struggle over territory. Moreover, the war on Iraq was justified as a part of the war against terrorism, led by al-Qaeda, which attacked the U.S. in September 11, 2001. In Vietnam War, the Americans didnt feel threatened by some kind of terrorism back in their ho meland, despite the fact that Vietnamese Communist forces conducted terrorist attacks against South Vietnamese officials and U.S. civilian personnel. But, these attacks were restricted in the region.5The main American war aim in Vietnam was to safeguard the credibility of U.S. defense commitments throughout the world. doyen Rusk, the Secretary of State had stated We get down a commitment to assist the South Vietnamese to resist aggression from North. If the U.S. commitment in peace becomes unreliable, the communists would slew conclusions that would lead to our ruin. Indeed, failure to defend South Vietnam would lead American allies to question their credibility and communist advances would be encouraged in the Third World. The credibility of U.S. defense commitments was not an issue in the Iraq war. The Communist threat did not exist anymore and the American operations were not a response to Iraqi aggression. On the contrary, it was a war in order to prevent Iraqis acquisition o f nuclear weapons and to stop the expansion of their biological weapons capability. This war depicted the U.S. willingness to use force against states that were seeking nuclear weapons and that could threaten them in the future.Nature, and Scale of the WarThe American intervention in Vietnam began as a materially self-sustaining, peasant-based communist insurgency in the South, against the South Vietnamese security department forces that were back up by the U.S., and it ended up as a conventional military war between the U.S. and the North Vietnamese regular forces.6 In contrast, U.S. military operation in Iraq began as conventional and quickly crushed Iraqs regular forces and ended up as a counterinsurgent function against terrorists.In Vietnam the Communists motivated a centrally-directed, perfect strategically revolutionary war, with a detailed political and economic program in order to mobilize the support of the peasants. Moreover, the communists in Vietnam had external supp ort. The insurgency in Iraq was nothing like it.The Iraqi insurgents were former Baathist regime operatives, Sunni Arabs, al-Qaeda and other Islamist suicide bombers, hired gunmen and anti-American Shiites. So, the insurgency was not centrally directed. Moreover, it has no declared agenda, though it seems that their goal is to get the U.S. out of the country and cause instability on behalf of the restoration of Sunni Arab rule. Until recently the Iraqi insurgency rested mainly on the Sunni Arab community that consisted the 20% of the population. Now the insurgency has expanded but it cannot be compared to Vietnams situation where the peasants (80% of the population) formed the communist insurgency forces.When it comes to scale, the differences are many. In footing of the forces committed the U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam they reached 543,000 in 1969. Allied forces coming from other countries were 65,000 in 1968 and the South Vietnamese armed forced reached 820,000 soldie rs. Communist troops numbered 700,000 in 1966.7 By comparison, insurgent Sunni Arab fighters were no more than 5,000.8 Militant Shiites, associated with the Muqtada al-Sadr movement and his Mahdi Army, may on the other hand number up to at least a few thousand fighters. The Vietnam War, unlike the Iraq War, had a huge and protracted aerial bombing component. In terms of bomb tonnage dropped, it was the largest air war in history. During the 1962-73 period, 8,000,000 tons dropped through Indochina.9U.S. aircraft losses due to hostile action were also numerous, as North Vietnam was supported by the Soviets who supplied them with technologically modernistic air defenses. During 1962-73 period the U.S. aircraft loses totalled 8,500, 2,700 airmen were killed and 1,800 were captured and became prisoners.10In Iraq, U.S. air power comprised a large component of major operations and had one advantages over U.S. operations in Vietnam the enemy didnt have effective air defenses. However, as in Vietnam, the helicopters proved vulnerable to hand-held missiles and to machine guns. During March 20-May 1, the Iraqis downed 30 helicopters.11U.S. conk force loss ratesDuring the 1965-1972 period in the Vietnam War, the U.S. numbered 55,700 dead and 290,000 wounded, which is translated as 19 dead and 100 wounded per day. These rates are well above than in the Operation Iraqi FREEDOM, which records 2 deaths per day. By April 2004, U.S. casualties had reached 685 dead and more than 3,000 wounded.12The EnemyThe number of the enemys forces was impressive in the Vietnam War, but so was the number of the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces, which combined to third-country allied forces, outnumbered the communist forces. U.S. forces in two cases had a attack power advantage over the enemy. Despite that fact, in the end the U.S. left South Vietnam to the Communists. One explanation would be because of the anti-war movement back in America and the hostility of the media13. Another, woul d be the outstanding performance of the enemy, based on the asymmetry of stakes. The Vietnamese conflict was a limited war for the United States but a total war for the Vietnamese Communists. The Americans underestimated the enemys ability and most importantly their desire to win even if that meant that they had to die over trying. For the Vietnamese Communists this war was about national reunification, independence and taking over the power in Vietnam.14The Communist forces losses during the American period of the Vietnam War had reached 1,100,000 dead and 2,000,000 civilian dead. In the 20th century, it is the highest military death toll proportional to its population (5%).15The enemy in Iraq is smaller in number, less ideologically and organizationally cohesive and has no external assistance. During the first period of the Iraqi insurgency, the most dangerous enemy elements were Baathist regime remnants that were trying to rejuvenate the old Saddamist order. The characteristics of the enemy since then seem to be changing with the constant appearance of anti-American Islamic militants in the struggle.16 Religious extremists and foreign fighters begun to supplant Baathist remnants as the primary members of the insurgency, using suicide as an insurgent method and other types of bombings..17Additionally, an unknown number of criminals and unemployed former soldiers have been hired by the Baathists to submit in attacks on coalition forces for pay. Saddam Husseins capture brought into Iraq a number of foreign terrorists that now had the kind of freedom of movement that previously didnt have.18 While Saddam was in charge, an effective internal security prevented any kind of insurgent activity. Moreover, terrorism against his regime was something that Saddam was fighting against.Moreover, al Qaeda takes advantage of the inanity in the political system that Saddams regime fall created. Members of al Qaeda are considered as leaders of the major suicide bombings th at have been taken place in the country, such as the attacks at the UN headquarters, the Jordanian embassy and Kurdish political parties.19Another part of the insurgents is people who seek revenge against the Americans for previous actions against their families and friends.20 But, it is clear that Iraqi soldiers are not as capable as the Vietnamese Communists were. The Communists were organized into divisional-size units, whereas Iraqi fighters operate in squads. The Vietnamese Communists had external access to technological advanced weapons, whereas the Iraqis did not. But the Iraqi insurgents are better armed today, than the Vietnamese Communists in 1960, who relied on stolen and home-made weapons.21 Iraq starting from Saddam Husseins era, has been a heavily-armed society.Last but not least, the Iraqis have no common ideology, strategy or vision for Iraqs future, while the Vietnamese Communists had. Iraqi insurgents operations are uncoordinated, even though all of them agree on t he objective of Americans being thrown out of the country, they have not agreed on a strategy for doing so. Maybe their thought is to kill as much U.S. troops as they can in order to undercut domestic American political support?Military OperationsIn Vietnam the U.S. got involved in two wars at the same time one on the ground in the South and an air war in the North. Both of them failed. In the South, the U.S. military forces believed that they could cause huge casualties, because of their fire power, on the Communists and that they would have the initiative in the war field.22 But, they ignored the Communists readiness to sacrifice and their substantial manpower. Moreover, in fact, the Communists started most of the fire fights, which meant that they could control their losses by refusing combat when it suited them to do so. The enemy managed to keep losses within his capacity to replace them.23In the air war against North Vietnam the Americans also underestimated the enemys will to win. North Vietnam was a pre-industrial totalitarian area, so it was difficult to be overwhelmed through air power. Moreover, the Soviets provided them with military means that enforce significant loses on American aircrafts.24North Vietnam had a powerful air defense system and the capacity of bomb damage repair, whereas Iraq in 2003 had not. The U.S. air losses in North Vietnam were significant. Apart from the enemys capacity and political restrictions in the use of force, there were other factors that influenced Americas military performance. There was no joint warfare in Vietnam.25 On the contrary, inter-service rivalry dominated, producing disunity of command and precluding the provision of timely and useful military advice to civilian authority.26On the ground things werent any better. Rotational tours of duty of 1 year for enlisted personnel and 3-6 months for officers lead to small unit cohesion under fireand compromised the ability of officers and men alike to accumulate and sustain knowledge and skill in fighting. As a result, only the 15% of the U.S. military personnel in Vietnam were available for sustained ground combat operations, by 1968.27Communist forces were leaner because they relied more on stealth and cunning than firepower, and because they recruited hundreds of thousands of peasants to perform logistical tasks. Moreover, they lived in the field, unlike Americans. Vietnamese revolutionary war, combined mass political mobilization and a conviction of guerrilla tactics that deprived a firepower superior conventional foe of decisive targets to shoot at.28 They relied on camouflage and night operations, hit-and-run attacks and use of terrain and populations as means of concealment. The purpose of Communists military operations was to weaken enemys will through protraction of hostilities. It was the only way for them as a swift victory over the Americans was impossible.29Insurgents in Iraq have different targets U.S. and coalition troops, American civilian contractors, Iraqis working with Americans, oil and electrical power infrastructure. Moreover, Iraqi politicians, police stations and officers and members of the new-fashioned Iraqi Army.30 Their methods have evolved through time as the various groups have engaged in trial. They mainly include rocket-propelled grenades and use of improvised explosive devises. Iraqi police officers and other security forces are targets because they are considered to take over the power as soon as the U.S. forces leave the country. In addition, they are more vulnerable because their weapons are not as lethal as U.S. forces and they receive limited training in force protection.31Role of AlliesIn 1965 the United States did not bother to seek U.N. authorization for intervention in Vietnam because of the certainty of a Soviet veto.32 In 2003, the United States sought an authorizing resolution but failed to get even a majority among the U.N. Security Councils membership.33 Indeed, in bo th cases, much of the rest of the world, including key allies, regarded U.S. military intervention as illegitimate. Not a champion NATO ally joined the United States in Vietnam on the contrary, only five other statesaside from South Vietnam itself (Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Korea, and Thailand) contributed combat troops.34If Americas allies in the Vietnam War were few, the opposite was true for the Vietnamese Communists. Unlike Saddam Husseins Iraq in 2003, the Communists in Vietnam had powerful and decisive allies. Behind the NLF in the South stood North Vietnam, and skunk North Vietnam stood the Soviet Union and China. Deliveries included fighter aircraft, antiaircraft guns, tanks and helicopters. The Chinese, provided the Vietnamese Communists with huge quantities of weapons. Unlike the Russians, however, the Chinese provided over 300,000 antiaircraft and engineer troops who, in the face of escalating U.S. bombing, manned air defense systems and constructed , reconstructed, maintained, and defended North Vietnams transportation network, especially its railroad system.35In Iraq, as in Vietnam, the United States has sought international support both to reduce its military burden and to enhance the legitimacy of its policy, although it strongly resisted giving the United Nations a major voice in post-war Iraq policy. In Iraq, as in Vietnam, this effort produced disappointing results, although the number of countries contributing forces to Iraqs postwar stabilization is much more impressive than those that sent troops to Vietnam. In both cases, the United States bore the primary burden of the fighting, although in Vietnam, unlike Iraq, a large indigenous force performed important static defense and other military tasks.In Iraq, the most notable contribution came from the United Kingdom, which contributed 26,000 troops. Since the termination of major combat operations in May 1, 2003, a number of other countries, for a mannikin of motives, some of them having little to do with support for U.S. policy in Iraq, have committed limited force contingents to assist Iraqs post-war stabilization.36Additionally, the more Americanized the already heavily American foreign presence in Iraq becomes, the more likely it is that it will provoke Iraqi nationalist opposition. Some Iraqi nationalists may be drawn to the insurgent cause by what they view as a prolonged U.S. troop withdrawal and the continued absence of a new U.N. effort to take over the establishment of a new Iraq.37Challenges of State-BuildingThe Vietnam War ended as a war between two states, the northern Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and the southern Republic of Vietnam (RVN). The former established in 1945 and the latter in 1954. The U.S. supported the RVN against further Communist expansion. If it werent the U.S. political, military and economic support, the anti-communist regime could not have been created and sustained.38The U.S. helped with the state-buildi ng in South Vietnam for two decades. It founded governmental institutions, it armed and trained the RVN armed forces, it subsidized South Vietnams economy and it tried to direct the RVN toward democratization. Despite these efforts, state-building failed, first of all because of the RVNs military defeat in 1975. The RVN was defeated so quickly that made an impression even to Communists.39 The U.S. were to blame for it partially. It reduced its principal goal from securing an independent, non-Communist Vietnam to looking for a withdrawal and when the last(a) Communist offensive was launched in 1975, they couldnt re-enter the war or provide the RVN with materials.40The RVN was to blame for the failure, too. Their weaknesses were professional military inferiority, corruption and lack of political legitimacy. Moral anarchy explains why their three times bigger in size army, with larger equipment was that rapidly defeated.41 Important RVNAF units didnt go to combat because they were to protect the government from potential threats of a coup detat, and generals that were very skilful were considered as political threats. In addition, military promotions were endown with no meritocratic methods.42Moreover, many South Vietnamese started stealing American military and economic aid in order to get profit. They didnt care about going to war as for them the Americans were responsible for this task. Black market operations were one of the major components of RVNAF corruption.43 The Communists fighting power was superior as first of all their political program was very clear kick out the Americans, give land to the peasants and unite the nation. In addition, they had a totalitarian political system that controlled and directed the society more effectively than in South Vietnam. On the contrary, the RVNAF lacked in discipline and patriotism that would lead soldiers to sacrifice their lives.44Unlike the RVN, the Communists succeeded in persuading the majority of Vietnamese in both South and North that it was the only legitimate political representative of national independence. The RVN failed to obtain the necessary legitimacy in order to survive without the American support.45 In Iraq, as in South Vietnam, the political supremacy will come after the creation of a government that will be legitimized by the majority of people and after the creation of security forces that will be in position to protect this new political order. South Vietnam had a corrupted government and large but incompetent security forces. Its enemy, however, was very capable.On the other hand, in Iraq there is no government and no worth-mentioned security forces. Moreover, any government that the U.S. will try to create must be likeable from the Iraqis and must be secured by U.S. military power.46 The main threat to state-building in Iraq lies not in the insurgency in central Iraq, but in the potential for the recent uprising of Shiite militants to reignite, expand, and include large elements of that community or the development of the kind of sectarian civil war that plunged Lebanon into near anarchy for almost 2 decades.47The creation of a stable and democratic Iraq is difficult. The U.S. does not have the time with their side. Most of the Iraqis and their Arab neighbours look Americas presence there suspiciously and question its motives. So the Iraqi governmental institutions are erected under political pressure and under the objections of Iraqi sectarian leaders.48 The U.S. with its military presence undermine the constructed governments legitimacy. U.S. withdrawal will lull nationalists and provide governmental institutions with some space in order to develop.49One the other hand, a premature withdrawal a security vacuum may cause disorder that could lead to a civil war. Iraq has met in the past tyranny and authoritarian regimes, so a democracy in order to work needs institutions that can be trusted to deliver representative government, while protect ing minorities. In addition, the development of a political society where groups will have the opportunity to be elected without provoking fears to the losers, is necessary. Otherwise, the losers may try to ensure their safety by resisting to national institutions.50The institutions need to be protected by security and gradually the U.S. intents to pass this responsibility on Iraqis. This action may lead to the legitimacy of the new Iraq government, provided that the new forces will not operate with visible support from the U.S. . 51Challenges of Sustaining Domestic Political SupportThe American intervention in Vietnam failed because citizens back home stopped supporting it. Communists had more to loose from a bad end of this war than the U.S, so their political will was much stronger.The majorities and opinions of liberal newspapers, such as the Washington Post and New York Times supported the Vietnam war in the first place, as long as it didnt last long, there werent many casualt ies and it didnt influence much their economy.52 People trusted the U.S. Government and supported its decisions. But as war went on, this support started to decrease. By March 1969, 66% of the citizens were opposed to the continuation of this war. From April 1969 to December 1972 the U.S. military personnel dropped from 543,000 to 24,000. Public opinion made Nixon pullout the American soldiers even though he knew that this would favour the Communists.53In Iraqs case, public support may decreased because of the inability to find any relationship between Iraq and al-Qaeda. Moreover, the cost of the Iraq War are extravagant and they are to blame partially for the cumulative national debt.54Operation IRAQI FREEDOM was a war of choice and as such, like Vietnam, publics tolerance in deaths was limited. Before the war started, .U.S. Government assured people that the hole world would consider them as liberators of Iraq. Effects on public opinion between expectations and realities needs to be seen. However, polls taken in March 2004 by CNN/USA Today showed a decline in public support. Only 49% was in favour of the Iraq War. Moreover, the 43% believed that their government mislead them about whether Iraq has nuclear weapons.55ConclusionsThese two historical situations are not identical. Operation IRAQI FREEDOM achieved its goal, that is eliminating a regime that could be a threat to the U.S. . Despite that fact, the U.S. had to face the costly results of state-building while insurgent violence is still on, that resembles the Vietnam situation.Many academics believe that establishing democracy in Iraq is beyond Americas power and that another regime type must be approached, such as a benign authoritarian regime type along the lines of Kemal Ataturks Turkey, as a transition to more representative governance.56 However, the U.S. must not abandon Iraq as it did with South Vietnam in 1975. It is possible that such an action would lead to civil war.In my opinion the differen ces between the two cases are more than the similarities, especially in the military aspects. But underestimating the Iraqi insurgents would be a mistake that the U.S. did with the Vietnamese Communists in Vietnam. After all, even the appearance of the insurgency after U.S. operations surprised many. In addition, even though the court of the Iraqi insurgency cannot be compared to the Vietnamese Communists, the Iraqi insurgency has attacked key targets to Iraqs reconstruction.Policymakers need to be careful with the two aspects that are similar in both wars. The challenges of state-building and the need to maintain domestic political support. State-building in Iraq could fail for the same reasons that failed in Vietnam inability to create a political order that gets legitimacy by the citizens. Moreover, the domestic political support cannot be taken for granted, especially now that people have in their memories the consequences of the Vietnam War.In addition, the absence of a North Vietnam in Iraq could change, with a hostileexternal state intervention. For instance, Iran, which has strong state interests in Iraqthat have so far been served by the U.S. destruction of the Saddam Hussein regimemay try to cause chaos in Iraq. Iran has no interest in the resurrection of a powerfulIraq, and certainly not a democratic Iraq, and it has the means to get thousands ofIraqi Shiites on the streets to protest the U.S. occupation.To conclude with, it is important to mention the greatest difference between the two wars. The Vietnam War is a finished event, whereas Iraq War is still in progress. We know what happened in Vietnam, but we do not know what Iraqs fate will be.Robert L. Bartley, Iraq Another Vietnam? Wall Street Journal, November 3, 2003Harry G. Summers, Jr., Vietnam War Almanac, New York Facts on FilePublications, 1985, p. 113.See John W, Garver, The Chinese Threat and the Vietnam War, Parameters,Spring 1992, pp. 73-85.Larry Berman, plan a Tragedy The Americaniza tion of the War inVietnam, New York W. W. Norton, 1982, p. 92.Larry Berman, Planning a Tragedy The Americanization of the War inVietnam, New York W. W. Norton, 1982, p. 94.Shelby Stanton, Vietnam Order of Battle, Washington, DC U.S. News Books,1981, p. 333James J. Wirtz, The Tet OffensiveIntelligence Failure and War, Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1991, pp. 247-251David L. Anderson, The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War, New YorkColumbia University Press, 2002, pp. 286, 287, 288.Phillip S. Meilinger, Air Power Myths and Facts, Maxwell AFB, AL AirUniversity Press, December 2003, p. 78.Anthony H. Cordes

Business Ethics In The Context Of Globalisation Commerce Essay

Business Ethics In The Context Of Globalisation Commerce EssayThe pursual document headers at studying Business Ethics in the context of Globalization. In order to do so, let us start with the expositions of the deuce intimately important words in the title1. Business EthicsBusiness moral philosophy is the study of military control stations, activities, and decisions where issues of sort out and wrong argon addressed.It is worth stressing that by right and wrong we mean morally right and wrong as opposed to, for example, commercially, strategically, or financially right or wrong. Moreover, by pipeline ethics, we do non mean only commercial businesses, exactly excessively organisation organizations, pressure groups, not-for-profit businesses, charities, and other organizations. For example, disbeliefs of how to manage employees fairly, or what constitutes deception in advertising, atomic number 18 as as important for organizations such as CRY, the University of Mumba i, or the Bhartiya Janata Party as they are for Satyam, PG, or Infosys. However, given the high profile of honourable issues in carnal knowledge to commercial businesses, it is these types of businesses that are predominantly focussed on in general.Business ethics and the lawHaving defined business ethics in terms of issues of right and wrong, one might quite born(p)ly question whether this is in any way distinct from the law. Surely, the law is also about issues of right and wrong? This is true, and in that location is indeed considerable overlap betwixt ethics and the law. In situation, the law is essentially an institutionalization or codification of ethics into specific social rules, commandments, and proscriptions. Nevertheless(prenominal), the two are not equivalent. Perhaps the best way of thinking about ethics and the law is in terms of two intersecting do importants (see Figure). The law might be said to be a definition of the minimum acceptable standards of behavio ur. However, many morally contestable issues, whether in business or elsewhere, are not explicitly covered by the law.In one sense then, business ethics bunghole be said to begin where the law ends. Business ethics is chiefly concerned with those issues not covered by the law, or where thither is no definite consensus on whether something is right or wrong. Discussion about the ethics of particular business practices may sluicetually lead to legislation once some kind of consensus is reached, scarcely for most of the issues of interest to business ethics, the law typically does not currently provide us with guidance.2. GLOBALIZATIONGlobalization is the progressive eroding of the relevance of territorial bases for social, sparing and political activities, processes and relations.Globalization is not only a very controversial topic in the public debate it is also a practically contested term in academic discourse. Apart from the fact that mirroring the public debate the cam ps seems to be divided into supporters and critics, there is growing concern about whether sphericalization is a fact at all. So, for example, some argue that there is cypher like a orbiculate economy, because roughly 90 per cent of world trade only takes place either within or between the three economic blocks of the EU, North America, and East Asia, leaving out all other major parts of the globe (Chortarea and Pelagidis 2004 World Trade Organization 2004). Obviously, we piddle to examine the globalization buzzword more carefully and to develop a more precise definition if we want to understand its character and its implication for business ethics.Scholte (2000) says if we want to get a grasp on the decisive features of globalization, he suggests we offer start by looking at the way social connections traditionally took place. These connections, be it personal relations to family members or friends, or economic relations such as shopping or working, took place within a curre nt territory. People had their family and friends in a certain village, they had their work and business relations within a certain town or even country. Social interaction traditionally needed a certain geographic space to take place. However, this link between social connections and a certain territory has been continuously weakened, with two main breedings in the go bad few decades being particularly important.The first development is technological in nature. Modern communication technology, from the telephone, to radio and television, and now the internet, string out up the possibility of connecting and interacting with stack despite the fact that there are large geographical distances between them. Furthermore, the rapid development of global transportation technologies allows citizenry to easily connect with other people all over the globe. While Marco Polo had to travel many months to finally arrive in China, people today poop step on a plane and, later on a passable meal and a short sleep, arrive some while later on the other side of the globe. Territorial distances play a less and less important role today. The people we do business with, or that we make friends with, no longer necessarily rent to be in the same place as we are.The second development is political in nature. Territorial borders abide been the main obstacles to worldwide connections between people. Only 20 age ago, it was still largely impossible to enter the countries in the eastern bloc without lengthy visa procedures, and even then, interactions between people from the two sides were very limited. With the fall of the iron curtain, and substantial liberalization efforts elsewhere (for instance within the EU), national borders have been eroded and, in many cases, have even been abolished.These two developments mainly account for the massive proliferation and spread territorial connections. These connections may not always necessarily have a global spread in the literal sen se of worldwide spread. The new thing though about these connections is that they no longer need a geographical territory to take place and they are not restricted by territorial distances and borders any more.Relevance of globalization for business ethicsGlobalization as defined in terms of the deterritorialization of economic activities is particularly relevant for business ethics, and this is evident in three main areas culture, law, and accountability.1. CULTURAL ISSUESAs business be bring forths less fixed territorially, so corporations increasingly engage in overseas markets, suddenly finding themselves confronted with new and diverse, some times even contradicting good demands. Moral determine, which were taken for given in the home market, may get questioned as briefly as corporations enter contrasted markets. For example, attitudes to racial and gender diversity in Europe may differ signifi shadowtly to those in Middle Eastern countries. Similarly, Chinese people migh t regard it as more unethical to sack employees in times of economic downturns than would be typical in Europe. Again, whilst Europeans tend to regard child labour as strictly unethical, some Asian countries might have a more moderate approach. Consider the case of Playboy, the US adult magazine, which had to suspend its Indonesian edition and vacate the company premises in 2006 in the elicit of violent protests by Islamic demonstrators even though the Indonesian edition was a toned down version that did not show nudity. The reason wherefore there is a potential for such problems is that whilst globalization results in the deterritorialization of some processes and activities, in many cases there is still a close connection between the local culture, including moral values, and a certain geographical region. For example, Europeans largely disapprove of capital punishment, whilst many Americans appear to regard it as morally acceptable. Women can freely sunbathe topless on most Eu ropean beaches, yet in some states of America they can get fined for doing so and in Pakistan would be evaluate to cover up untold more. This is one of the contradictions of globalization on the one hand globalization makes regional difference less important since it brings regions together and encourages a more uniform global culture. On the other hand, in eroding the divisions of geographical distances, globalization reveals economic, political, and cultural differences and confronts people with them.It has been said that countries exhibit very different views on the makeup of business ethics. These differences are regarded as ground largely in cultural diversity. For example, Japan is considered to have an entirely different set of guidelines than the unify States because the cultures of these two countries come from entirely different origins. However, if business ethics are based only in culture then businesses global interactions should instigate much more conflict than currently exists. The basic cultures of Japan and the United States have very little common ground, therefore their views on business ethics would come from entirely opposite directions. Compromising a cultures moral values can be considered extremely difficult it is much more likely that those same values would try to be imposed upon the other party. With each culture imposing its values on the other, the result would be adamant conflict. However, the rapid growth of global business paints this picture of conflict as false. Businesses can only expand quickly in global markets by being empathic to the needs, perspectives, and accepted procedures of their foreign counterparts and partners. Therefore, business ethics is not entirely based on the culture from which it is derived. It is based more on a basic human moral sense that transcends international boundaries. Up to present, ethics have evolved by isolated pockets due to the limited scope of global communications. Todays close communication and cooperation of companies worldwide will have an evening out effect. Business ethics will eventually drive toward one general definition. What exactly constitutes that definition is yet to be determined. The certainty is that the definition will be fluid in nature and change as new principles are accepted and implemented. To know where we are headed we must understand how ethical business practices evolved. Although business ethics is a relatively new study the concept has been around since commerce began. For instance, a blacksmith earned his reputation by treating his employees headspring and his customers fairly. As his reputation grew so did the size of his business. While this is a simplistic example it is meant to show that the concept of fair business practices has existed and contributed to the success of enterprises long in front business ethics became an established study. Prior to todays multiple innovations in worldwide communications, business morals in each separate geographical area evolved on their own. Without much influence from the outside world, ethical behaviour was influenced by what was important to the society. What was significant to the society created expectations of fair business practices that have carried by dint of the years? What do societies consider important?Culture and ethics are interrelated and intertwined in such a way that it makes it difficult to know which factor guiding / motivating the behaviour is arising from a given situation. Is it the cultural vision of his/her ethics or is it the ethical vision of his/her culture that guides someone to do or not do certain things. Trompenaars survey questioning peoples reaction to a given situation shows that cultures with more emphasis on human relationships and loyalty (particularists) scored lower than those that emphasized obeying rules (Universalists). The situation youre riding in a car driven by a close friend, whos driving at least 35 mph in a 20 mp h zone. He hits someone. No witnesses. His lawyer says if you testify under oath that your friend was driving at 20 miles per hour, it might save him from in effect(p) consequences.What right has your friend to expect you to protect him?Lying was more prominent in cultures stressing human relationships, whereas it was less prevalent in cultures stressing rules. Telling the truth is an ethical value that appears in this context. One could say, people in cultures emphasizing human relationships would most likely lie to protect the relationship whereas, people in cultures set a greater value on rules would lie less in order to abide by the rule. Adler differentiates between cultures that are universally oriented (all rules get into to everyone) and particularly oriented the nature of the relationship determines how someone will act in a particular situation. When it comes to the actual experience of the individual in question it is not certain if that person is motivated by cultural influences and/or ethical implications of his/her act and/or decision. Paul Ricoeur suggests three positions in ethical development 1) the self 2) relations with others, 3) institutional. Through this process of moral integration, the self eventually becomes autonomous (auto self- nomous norms which becomes understood as self-regulatory) in its experiences and interactions with others and institutions. The self internalises the cultural norms and values through socialization (being in the world with others). 2. LEGAL ISSUESA second aspect is closely linked to what we said previously about the relation of ethics and law. The more economic transactions lose their connection to a certain regional territory, the more they escape the control of the respective national governments. The power of a government has traditionally been confined to a certain territory, for example French laws are only binding on French territory, UK laws on UK territory, and so on. As soon as a company leaves its home territory and moves part of its harvest-tideion chain to, for example, a third world country, the legal framework becomes very different. Consequently, managers can no longer simply rely on the legal framework when deciding on the right or wrong of certain business practices. If, as we said earlier, business ethics largely begins where the law ends, then deterritorialization increases the demand for business ethics because deterritorialized economic activities are beyond the control of national (territorial) governments. For example, global financial markets are beyond the control of any national government, and the constant struggle of governments against issues such as child pornography on the internet shows the long difficulties in enforcing national laws in deterritorialized spaces.A behavior may be perceived as ethical to one person or group but might not be perceived as ethical by another. Further complicating this dichotomy of behavior, laws may have been legislate d, effectively stating the governments position, and presumably the majority opinion, on the behavior. As a result, in todays diverse business milieu, one must consider that law and ethics are not necessarily the same thing. though law often embodies ethical principles, law and ethics are far from co-extensive. The law does not prohibit many acts that would be widely condemned as unethical. And the contradictory is true as fountainhead. The law also prohibits acts that some groups would perceive as ethical. For example lying or betraying the confidence of a friend is not iniquitous, but most people would consider it unethical. Yet, speeding is illegal, but many people do not have an ethical conflict with exceeding the speed limit. law of nature is more than simply codifying ethical norms. Establishing a set of ethical guidelines for detecting, resolving, and forestalling ethical breaches often prevents a company from getting into subsequent legal conflicts. Having demonstrate a more positive approach to the problem may also control that punishment for legal violations will be less severe.Some activities and beliefs may be legal, but not perceived as ethical. Marriott Corporation maintains very comprehensive ethics standards to which their employees must abide. Their Corporate Dress Code is an example. Several years ago, the orientation program at Marriott Corporate Headquarters include a presentation on what was and was not considered acceptable appearance in the company. Some requirements includedWomen could not wear skirts any shorter than 4 inches above the knee.Women could show no bare leg. Either long pants or hose were required at all times.Womens shoulders could not be exposed.Mens hair could not reach their collar, except for religious reasons.Men could not wear earrings.Although these rules were part of company policy, there is nonentity illegal about any one of these items. However, in the Marriott Corporate culture, each was considered unethi cal.Another example is the manufacturing practices of Nike, one of the largest manufacturers of athletics sportswear in the world. Nike produces the majority of its goods in South East Asia. Despite the profits of the Nike organization, its foreign workers are paid substandard occupys and work long hours in appalling conditions. In 1996, the entry-level wage at one of these factories was $2.20 a day. Labour groups estimate that a liveable wage in Indonesia is about $4.25 a day. Compare this with the pay of one of Nikes honor promoters, Michael Jordan, who gets $20 million a year to promote Nike sneakers. Jordans compensation alone is more than the annual income of 20,000 workers who make Nike shoes.Nikes manufacturing practices are not illegal. There is nothing that says a company cannot take its manufacturing operations outside the United States. And as long as the company is meeting the minimum wage standards of the host country, there is nothing illegal about paying low wages. However, most Americans would look at these practices as unethical, especially considering the profits of Nike and their spending on celebrity promoters.Clearly, there is a relationship between law and ethics, and this relationship is important in management. Managers must evaluate not only what is legal, but what they, their employees, and society consider ethical as well. Important here is that companies must also consider what behaviours their customers will and will not accept. The news is full of stories regarding the ethical issues with which companies are being confronted, such as the practices of Nike, as outlined above. No company wants to be forced to defend itself over ethical issues involving wages, the purlieu, working issues, or human relations.Managers play a rattling role in a companys legal and ethical performance. It is in part their responsibility to ensure that their employees are abiding by Federal, State, and Local laws, as well as any ethical codes establish ed at the company. simply most importantly, the managers must provide a positive example to their employees of proper behaviour in light of laws and ethical codes.Certainly, policies and procedures will never be developed to satisfy everyone, but the establishment of Codes of Ethics will at least provide a framework for ethical behavior, and allow customers to evaluate the type of company with whom they are doing business. With this knowledge, employees and customers must decide whether or not they are willing and able to conform to these Codes, as well as to the laws that have been enacted. Managers cannot simply limit their decisions to following the law. They must also consider the ethics of their employees and customers.3. Accountability issuesTaking a close together(predicate) look at global activities, one can easily identify corporations as the dominant actors on the global stage MNCs own the mass media which influences much of the information and entertainment we are expo sed to, they supply global products, they pay peoples salaries, and they pay (directly or indirectly) much of the taxes that keep governments running. Furthermore, one could argue that MNCs are economically as powerful as many governments. For example, the GDP of Denmark is about the same as the turnover of General Motors. However, whereas the danish pastry government has to be accountable to the Danish people and must face elections on a regular basis, the managers of General Motors are clumply accountable only to the relatively small group of people who own shares in the company. The communities in the US, Brazil, or Germany that depend directly on General Motors investment decisions however have next to no influence on the company and, unlike a regional or national government, General Motors is, at least in principle, not accountable to these constituencies. What this means is that the more economic activities get deterritorialized, the less governments can control them, and the less they are open to democratic control of the affected people. Consequently, the call for direct (democratic) accountability of MNCs has become louder during the last years, evidenced for example by the anti-globalization protests that we mentioned before. Put simply, globalization leads to a growing demand for corporate accountability. The corporate community has been shocked to attention by the new- do corporate governance meltdowns. The silver lining is that these scandals are resulting in better financial oversight and more focused attention on the ethics of directors, officers, auditors and others. But while promises of increased ethical conduct focus the publics attention, self-scrutiny and accountability are also essential.Ethics is easier in concept than in application. Codes of ethics are not new. Nor are efforts to encourage ethical corporate practices. In 1991, Congress enacted the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines. These guidelines had a major impact on corporate Am erica and were an effort to positively induce companies to prevent unethical action by providing mitigation of some punishment and reductions of fines for companies that proactively made a good faith effort to take step to prevent unethical activity. Congress used the stick and the carrot approach to provide an incentive for companies to create or modify their ethics programsgood behavior is rewarded when companies take themselves in crime controlling actions. Elements of an effective compliance program under the Guidelines include a code of conduct or ethics oversight by high-level personnel due care when delegating authority effective training and communication auditing and monitoring and reporting mechanisms enforcement of disciplinary mechanisms and appropriate response after detection.Five years later, a court case provided another wake-up call. In 1996, a court in Delaware held a board of directors responsible for the unethical and illegal actions of the organization and it s employees. This case caught the attention of corporations and led some companies to institute compliance and reporting structures.Of course, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has gotten the most attention recently. Sarbanes-Oxley was enacted in response to the conduct of corporations such as World Com, Enron and Arthur Andersen. While Sarbanes-Oxley largely affects only publicly traded companies, it has led to a trickledown effect. Its requirement that all publicly held corporations disclose whether or not they have a code of ethics for its Chief Financial Officers have led privately held companies and non-profit corporations to enact codes of ethics. The trend is that more companies are adopting and using codes of ethics.There are several benefits of a formal ethics policy. As described above, there are legal benefits in the form of reduced fines and penalties. However, an ethical working environment is another important benefit. A formal ethics policy can lead to decreased job diss atisfaction, decreased pressure to violate ethical standards, improve communication, increased trust in management, greater consistency in decision-making, and fewer violations of law and regulation, just to name a few. Pragmatically, it is often true that good ethics equals good business. Consumers, employees, and vendors lose trust in companies which engage in unethical activities. Companies that promote trust, honesty, integrity, fairness and respect generally have an easier time attracting quality employees. slight observable, a strong ethical environment can encourage conversations about ethical issues, questions, and gray areas. It can also provide a comfortable environment for employees to seek guidance and raise concerns. When given the opportunity to communicate expectations and requirements, a company can proactively influence its employees and officers to avoid unethical conduct and violations of law. A formal ethics policy reminds employees and officers what the company deems the right thing to do.IMPLEMENTING A CODE OF ETHICSGroucho Marx once said that The secret of life is honesty and fair dealing. If you can fake that, youve got it made. Ethics is a lot easier in theory, but ethical conduct cannot be faked. Implementing a code of ethics policy takes careful study, time and training. A code of ethics can apply not just to individualsboard members, officers and employeesbut also to aspects of the companys businessethical investing and pension fund management.In adopting a code of ethics, a business must decide what type of code to adopt. Does it want a simple statement of aspirational values or does it want a complex manual that describes the companys rules and regulations and which provides detailed guidance about what conduct is not acceptable? What are the companys core values? How does the company want directors, officers and employees to reflect those values?Codes of ethics are usually broken down into two types (or a cross of the two) val ues-based code of ethics and compliance-based code of ethics. A corporate values statement is an aspirational document which is based on underlying values or principles. It is not easy to enforce. A compliance-based code of ethics is a compliance document that emphasizes rules and written procedures, and, therefore, is easier to enforce. A hybrid consists of a statement of organizational values and how those values are to be applied. For example, because communications should reflect the ethics of the company, a code of ethics that has honesty as a core value may require that internal and external communications be truthful and respectful. The company may also require that product or service claims must be honest, straightforward and defensible. However, as with any company policy, it is important that this new code be reviewed by legal commission before being formally incorporated into the companys policy.Once the code of ethics policy is adopted, it must be communicated, enforced and effectively monitored. There is a natural reluctance to talk about ethics and values however, a company can integrate discussions of ethics into decision-making, and encourage employees to raise ethical concerns. This can be done through training, providing whistleblower procedures, monitoring and rewards. Almost every company will have employees that made the correct decision in spite of the clog in doing so. Communicating these stories is one way to make ethics more meaningful. Employees should understand the companys core values and why they are core values. The company should ensure that its decision-making process factors in the companys code of ethics.The ethics policy should also be communicated to board members and employees before they join the company if the companys products and services and the kinds of decisions needed to be made and actions to be taken are communicated, the potential employee or board member can decide whether employment with the company is consi stent with their values.CONCLUSIONIn demonstration we would like to depict the effect that Globalization will have on the ethical behavior and understanding of various stakeholders in a global business environment.STAKEHOLDERSETHICAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATIONShareholdersGlobalization provides potential for greater profitability, but also greater risks. Lack of regulation of global capital markets, leading to additional financial risks and instability.EmployeesCorporations outsource production to developing countries in order to reduce costs in global marketplace this provides jobs but also raises the potential for exploitation of employees through poor working conditions.ConsumersGlobal products provide social benefits to consumers across the globe but may also meet protests about cultural imperialism and westernization. Globalization can bring cheaper prices to customers, but vulnerableconsumers in developing countries may also face the possibility of exploitation by MNCs.Supplier s and CompetitorsSuppliers in developing countries face regulation from MNCs through supply chain management. Small scale indigenous competitors exposed to powerful global players.Civil Society (Pressure groups, NGOs, etc.)A global business activity brings the company in direct interaction to local communities with possibility for erosion of traditional community life globally active pressure groups emerge with aim to police the corporation in countries where governments are weak and tolerant.Government and RegulationGlobalization weakens governments and increases the corporate regulation for jobs, welfare, maintenance of ethical standards, etc. Globalization also confronts governments with corporations from different cultural expectations about issues such as bribery, corruption, taxation, and philanthropy.

Flag Power in The Red Badge of Courage Essays -- Red Badge Courage Ess

Flag Power in The rosy-cheeked Badge of Courage Henry Fleming, after receiving his red badge of couragea jolt to the headtakes over the role of color-bearer during a vicious combat. As he sees his comrade sink to the ground in pain, he fights with his friend Wilson for the esteemed point of flag-bearer and finally wrenches the Union colors from the grasp of the dying man. With the flag in hand, Henry feels immediately empowered the ubiquitous symbol of freedom and courage invests him with his aver power and valiancy as he rushes headlong towards the enemy lines. Stephen stretch forths continuous reference to color in The Red Badge of Courage, manifests itself outright in his a few(prenominal) descriptions of the flag. The flag, symbolic by its very nature, invests the warriors with violent emotion as well as acting as an impetus for action, in the case of the young soldier. Crane emphasizes descriptions of the colors, the flag-bearers and the enemys give flag to further increase the depth of feeling in the novel. Since a flag often invokes deep sentiments of nationalism, patriotism and faith, Cranes very descriptions of the flag angle to be wrought with feeling and augment a description of character. As Henry Flemings character shifts throughout the course of the novel, the symbol of the flag also has a changing effect on him. As he becomes empowered rather than terrified by the battle, the flag too impresses him in an equally more strong manner. Before he attends his first battle, he sees the flags, the red in the stripes dominating. Crane further describes them as splashing bits of warm color upon the dark lines of the troops. This convivial description further effects Henrys countenance as he feels t... .... Moreover, the colors of the enemy produce such a hatred, that Henry insists on holding his own flag higher and using her colors as a sign of his battle-worthy self. Works Cited and Consulted Berryman, John, Stephen Crane A Critical Biography. 1950. Rpt. In Discovering Authors. Vers. 1.0. CD-ROM. Detriot Gale, 1992. Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations Stephan Cranes The Red Badge of Courage. New Yourk Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Logan, IA Perfection Learning Corporation, 1979. Gibson, Donald B. The Red Badge of Courage Redefining the Hero. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1988. Wolford, Chester L. Stephen Crane. Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Ed. wienerwurst N. Magill. English Language Series. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Salem Press, 1991

The Gap Between Reading and Writing :: Education, Reading, Writing

There are many forms of assessment but musical composition is the primary basis upon which a childs work will be judged and Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) made emphasis that teachers should focus on writing because reading and writing are intertwined and is used to construct meaning (pg. 338). It becomes important for teachers to teach writing because it is a form of expression of self. We learned in earlier chapters that readers construct meaning as they read likewise Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) informed that writers construct meaning as they prepare text (pg. 338). Fortunately, there are a numbers of strategies for children with reading and writing problems. I agree with Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) when they made mention to the fact that children tend to enjoy writing when writing is relevant to their own lives (pg. 341). Therefore I would implement independent writing to get my students instructing them to write about themselves in the area of family, food, culture, or music. At other times I would also allow them to choose their own divisions. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) referred to this strategy as an effective way to promote writing (pg. 341). Encouraging students to appropriate their work builds self-esteem and give them confidence to want to write more. These activities also improve reading skills. They need to organize thought and think about the education they need to include in their writing. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) advised that it is important to check if thoughts are communicated properly, are the thoughts in order and if grammar and punctuations are used effectively (pg. 343). I adjudge seen students using the teachers writing as help for their own work therefore I would also use model writing to promote writing. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) pointed out that as students get more knowledgeable they rely less on the teachers input (pg. 344).To differentiate the connection of re ading and writing first involves looking at the stage set and interest of students. The skill level and background information along with topics that will peak interests and increase motivation are essential to reading and writing. I would repair close attention to the topics I select for my students. I agree with Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) on their observation that students are more eager to write when they choose their own topic that is of interest to them.